Grumichama
By Ken Love
Family: Myrtaceae
Scientific name: Eugenia
brasiliensis Lam.
Synonyms:
* Eugenia
dombeyi (Spreng.) Skeels
* Myrtus
dombeyi Spreng.
* Stenocalyx
brasiliensis O. Berg
Origin: Southeastern Brazil
Introduction
The grumichama, also called Brazil
cherry and Spanish cherry, is an attractive tree growing up to 45 feet in
height with thick waxy oblong deep green 3 to 4 inch leaves. The tree can be
pruned as a shrub and kept at 6-foot heights to facilitate harvesting. In Hawaii
it produces fruit from 300 foot to 2000-foot elevation. Mature flowering trees
are reminiscent of Japanese cherry trees producing thousands of 4 petal white
flowers each with about 100 white stamens and yellow anthers. The long stemmed
fruit is 1/2 to 1 inch diameter turning from green to red to dark purple and
black as it ripens. One variety produces a yellow colored fruit. The fruits
thin fragile skin with sepals below holds juicy white to red pulp and 1 to 3
small gray seeds. The flavor is like a sweet subacid cherry with a hint of
jaboticaba and is aromatic.
A member of the Myrtaceae family,
the plant is related to guava, jaboticaba, mountain apple and other Eugenia,
which includesÕ more than 30 edible species. The tree was first reported in
Hawaii in 1821 in Don Francisco de Paula MarinÕs journal. Grumichama may have
arrived as early as 1791.
Varieties
There are no reported cultivars
but there are a number of differences in seedling trees observed in Kona and
Puerto Rico. Three varieties have been distinguished based on differences in
the firmness of the pulp as well as the number of sepals and color of the fruit
and pulp. There are no discernible differences in taste.
Environment
The grumichama is a subtropical
that prefers partial shade but will produce fruit in full sun. Fruit production
is best when annual rainfall is above 70 inches ; supplemental irrigation can
be used where rainfall is lower. The tree prefers deep sandy loam but will
survive shallow sandy soils given enough moisture. Fruit production generally
begins in the 4th year from seedling trees that are about 4 foot
tall. The trees will grow about 1 foot per year but can be kept pruned as a
hedge while still producing abundant fruit. Given enough moisture, trees at
elevations from 250 to 900 feet tend to produce more fruit than those at higher
elevations although leaf growth appears to be about the same. Seasonal changes and HawaiiÕs
microclimates have little effect on the tree as long as it has sufficient
moisture. Numerous seedlings are often found under abandoned trees. The tree is well known for the speed at
which the flowers develop into fruit. Depending on the elevation and rainfall,
flowering occurs in May to July with fruit being ready
to harvest from 3 to 4 weeks after
flowering.
Culture
Although there is some commercial cultivation in Brazil, grumichama is still regarded more as a backyard tree when left to grow tall. Cultivated trees can be maintained at heights of 10 feet or less to facilitate harvesting. Trees are planted in 15 to 20 foot spacing or kept as hedgerows, which, although attractive, tend to produce less fruit than trees spaced at 15 feet.
Quarterly fertilizing with .25 pound of organic 6-6-6 until the third year of growth, followed by .25 pound of 8-8-8 is recommended with the amount of fertilizer increased, commensurate with growth. Fertilizer should be applied around the drip line. Twice-yearly applications of peat moss or mulch will help growth. Micronutrients should be applied as needed. Care should be taken not to over fertilize which impedes flower development. The tree is tolerant of a wide range of soils that are well -drained. Sufficient water, especially during flowering and fruit development is essential. One-year old trees at 350-foot elevation, in a dry location, receiving 10 minutes of daily irrigation with a 1/2 gal per hour emitter, showed more growth than trees without irrigation. As with most Eugenia species, grumichama requires a little pruning for keeping the desired height or shaping and removing dead wood. Weed control is crucial during the first few years of growth. Mulching with organic materials or using black polyethylene sheets dramatically reduces weed growth. Young shallow rooted trees require protection from strong winds.
Pests and
Diseases
There are no serious disease
problems with grumichama when proper cultural practices are employed. It is
considered a host for fruit flies. Following the guidelines established by the
Hawaii Areawide Fruit Fly Pest Management Program (HAW-FLYPM) greatly reduces
the number of infestations. Birds remain the largest problem for growers of the
fruit. Some Brazilian growers use netting to keep birds from the tree. Mylar
tape, Christmas tinsel and CD ROMs hung from the tree can help to keep bird
damage to a minimum. For many culinary applications where the fruit will be
processed or cooked, the fruit can be harvested when red, before the birds are
attracted to the sugars that develop in the dark purple fully ripe fruit.
Propagation
Generally grown from seed, trees
can be grafted or cloned by air-layer and cuttings. Seeds remain viable for up
to 6 weeks.
Harvesting and
Yield
The thin-skinned grumichama fruit
is delicate and care needs to be taken when harvesting and packaging fresh
fruit for commercial sales. Placement of fruit in 1pint containers in no more
than a double layer prevents damage and maintains attractiveness. Keeping the
stem on the fruit is difficult but also helps to prevent desiccation. Fruit is marketable for 10 to 12 days. Mature
10-foot tall trees can yield more than 50 pounds of useable fruit.
Approximately 6 pounds of fruit can be processed into 8 cups of puree. Mature
trees kept pruned at 6 feet should yield just under30 pounds of fruit.
Postharvest
Quality
Fruit should be refrigerated as
soon as possible after harvest. Samples harvested, packaged and chilled within
1 hour, maintained appearance and quality for 12 days. Samples left in open air
for 5 hours before refrigeration (36o F) maintained quality for only
5 days. Fruit should be utilized as soon as possible after harvest. Processed
puree can be frozen for future use although some loss of flavor has been
reported.
Cost of
Production
The project gumichama tree produced an annual marketable yield of 61.8 pounds. The average market price was $7.00 per pound, and therefore the tree generated a gross revenue of $432.25 for the year. Growing costs (fertilization, irrigation, pruning and all weed and pest control) amounted to $17.13, and harvesting costs (picking, packing and delivery to market) totaled $107.60. (All labor to grow and harvest the gumichamas was assumed to be paid at an hourly wage rate of $16.00, including withholding, FICA and benefits.) Thus, the total annual operating costs, sometimes referred to as Òvariable costs,Ó were $124.73. The gross margin (gross revenue minus all operating costs) was $307.52.
The gumichama gross margin is the amount of money available to pay all the ownership costs associated with the gumichama enterprise. Ownership costs, sometimes referred to as Òfixed costs,Ó include the value of land used (rent or rent equivalent or mortgage and property taxes), the value of the capital investment (such as the tree establishment cost and buildings and vehicles), the value of the management, and the value of any unpaid labor. (All paid labor is already included in the gross margin.) Ownership costs, unlike operating costs, will vary substantially from farm to farm and will depend largely on how the farming operation is financed and on economies of scale. Each grower will have to calculate his total farm ownership costs and then allocate an appropriate portion of these costs to each enterprise on the farm. Now the profitability of the gumichama enterprise can be determined by subtracting the gumichama enterpriseÕs share of the total ownership costs from the gross margin for gumichamas.
The cost and return data are what
was obtained from the 12 Trees Project site and other locations. Yields and costs were based on optimal
growing conditions for one or more trees at various locations; different
results will be obtained under different growing conditions. The prices used were actually obtained
in 2005 and 2006. There is no guarantee that these prices will continue,
especially if production increases significantly. These costs and returns are simply a starting point for
growers to make their own estimates.
Packaging,
Pricing and Marketing
For grocery and restaurant distribution, plastic containers with single and double layers of fruit were tested with no discernable differences. Given the sensitivity of the fruit and skin, larger packages are not recommended, as the weight from multiple layers of fruit will damage the skin and cause indentations that make the fruit less desirable when used for edible displays. As many chefs and produce buyers in Hawaii are not familiar with grumichama, it is advisable to offer samples as well as information on the fruit. Fruit availability is generally only 2 weeks within the year and advance notice given to buyers will help in generating sales. Having a good working relationship with chefs and wholesale buyers will insure that the fruit does not go to waste. Culled and excess fruit can be processed in a certified kitchen for future use. Many island chefs prefer to work with frozen puree.
Fresh fruit in plastic blister packs were sold based on $7. a pound to hotel and restaurant chefs. Wholesale buyers and grocery store buyers paid $4.50 to $5.50 a pound.
Processed puree in 8-cup packages are sold for $50.00
An 8-cup package can yield
approximately 24-4oz. jars of jelly with a wholesale value of
$102.00
Food Uses and
Nutrition
Average Brix 18% (10 samples from 3 trees at 3 different elevations tested)
Food Value Per 100 g of Edible
Portion*
Moisture 84g
Protein 0.3g
Fiber 0.6
g
Ash 0.43
g
Calcium 39.5 mg
Phosphorus 13.6 mg
Iron 0.45
mg
Carotene 0.039 mg
Thiamine 0.044 mg
Riboflavin 0.031 mg
Niacin 0.336
mg
Ascorbic Acid 18.8 mg
Carbohydrate 13.4 g
Fat 0.3 g
Vitamin A 67 IU
*Food values are averages from
tests performed at a number of locations by different institutions.
Whole pitted fruit can be used in
pies, cakes and fruit salads. Processed puree in jam and jelly or in sauces.
Island chefs have described the flavor as being like a light concord grape
mixed with cherry and jaboticaba. The pulp is juicy with a dry Ògrape likeÓ
skin.
Scale (1 to 5)
A. Sweet to Sour-1.5
B. Bitterness-.5 with skin 2
C. Astringency-.5 with skin 2.25
Recipes
Grumichama tart with lilikoi sauce
The 12 Trees Project
Is funded by the Western
Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education (WSARE) USDA-CSREES competitive
grants program. 54 Hawaii Island
chefs, fruit buyers and growers were invited to select the types of fruit they
would like to see commercially available, based on their desire to utilize the
fruit in culinary applications. In selecting the final 12 fruits, considerations
were given to seasonality and harvest times so that the availability of
harvested fruit and on-farm labor needs were spread out over the year.
Fruit trees were planted and
brought into production at a demonstration orchard at the Kona Pacific Farmers
Cooperative on Napoopoo Road in the South Kona District. During the course of
the three-year project, fruit from this orchard, as well as additional fruit
purchased from area farmers, were donated to the West Hawaii Community College
culinary school. Culinary student chefs developed recipes to be published on
the project web site < http://www.hawaiifruit.net/12trees.html>
and in a book in the final year of the project. Members of the cooperative as
well as members of the Hawaii Tropical Fruit Growers - West Hawaii association and
any other interested growers were encouraged to plant these trees. The goals of
this project were to increase profitable agricultural diversification and to
develop a consistently high quality, year-around supply of tropical fruit for
local markets.
References and Further Reading
Oyen, L.P.A., 1992. Eugenia
dombeyi (Sprengel) Skeels. In Coronel, R.E. & Verheij, E.W.M. (Eds.): Plant
Resources of South-East Asia. No. 2: Edible fruits and nuts. Prosea Foundation,
Bogor, Indonesia. pp. 164-165.
Morton, Julia F., 1987. Fruits of
Warm Climates
Internet
References:
Hawaii Areawide Fruit Fly Pest
Management Program (HAW-FLYPM)
http://www.fruitfly.hawaii.edu/
Western SARE
Sustainable Agriculture Research
and Education
http://www.montosogardens.com/eugenia_brasiliensis.htm
http://www.quisqualis.com/14grumjoy.html
http://www.ciat.cgiar.org/ipgri/fruits_from_americas/frutales/Ficha%20Eugenia%20dombeyi.htm
http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/woody/planting/Pages/eugbra/eugbra.htm
Acknowledgements
The author is grateful to Drs. R. Bowen, B. Brunner, K Fleming, R. Paull and F. Zee for their valuable contributions to this manuscript.